About catering (part 1) :
I made a spreadsheet to calculate how much we can produce per square per day, to see the actual value of each good.
I calculated the values for an end-game city, assuming it benefits from additional culture/population given by buildings and roads (i.e. it needs some cultural buildings and doesn't get more than enough culture from pop/culture hybrids or mana producers).
Here are the productions per square per day I found using regular buildings (so buildings from the Culture menu for culture and mana), and no wonders :
Coins 312267 (very high as the only additional space you need to get coins is the roads needed to connect your residences)
Supplies 2760.5
T1 goods 389.4 (I assumed 4×3h + 1×9h productions per day, with 700% boost)
T2 goods 260.8 (note : I used max level factories for the calculations, which isn't optimal level)
T3 goods 221.0
Orcs 27.67 (note that here we considered training size given by armories has no value)
Mana 1644.6
I made the same calculations using craftable buildings for culture (lava codex), population (rainbow flower cage), orcs (orc nest) and mana (mana sawmill) :
Coins 21401 (lower than the value above, as now to get coins you need to put a residence that takes extra space compared to more efficient population buildings)
Supplies 4214.8
T1 617.2
T2 385.5 (Traveling Merchants give 483.5, so are better for T2 and T3)
T3 217.3
Orcs 110.7
Mana 2098.7
For the new catering system to be balanced, the amounts of each good than can be asked in an encounter should have the same value (so that the type of good asked is random, but the value isn't). I.e. the ratios between the amounts should be similar as the ratios shown above.
And below are the goods that can be asked for an encounter with squad size 1 (credits
@MinMax Gamer) :
Coins 258.1
Supplies 25.81
T1 3.247
T2 2.461
T3 1.618
Orcs 0.653
Mana 5.168
The 5.168 mana seems to have a lower value (= can be produced more easily) and the 0.653 orcs a higher value. Trader values a T2 good as 1.5 T1 goods, and it's quite consistent with what we see above, so the 3.247 T1 has slightly lower value than the 2.461 T2, but this slight difference can be erased depending on cities. The coins/suppplies ×10 ratio is consistent with what we see elsewhere in the game.
Note too that wonders that reduce population/culture needs would increase factory productions per square (as you need less squares to get the population/culture needed to build the factory) and not mana production per square, so that mana doesn't actually have an as low value (compared to T1/T2/T3) as shown by the calculation.
Then the odds of each good to appear change how much space we should allocate to each production buildings. (e.g. orcs appearing less often means we should allocate less space to orc prodduction.)